How Tariffs on Spanish Olive Oil and Table Olives Affect SME Exporters in 2025

The global trade landscape presents both immense opportunities and significant challenges for Spanish Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). For producers and exporters of iconic Spanish products like olive oil and table olives, navigating the complexities of international tariffs has become increasingly crucial, yet often fraught with uncertainty.1 The United States, a vital market for these goods 4, has been a focal point of recent trade policy shifts, introducing new layers of costs and risks that directly impact the competitiveness and profitability of SME agri export Spain.4 Understanding the current Spain olive oil tariffs and table olives export duties, particularly those imposed by the US, is no longer optional—it's essential for survival and growth.

This analysis aims to demystify the current tariff environment affecting Spanish olive oil and table olive exports in 2025. We will delve into the specifics of US tariffs, including their historical context and the implications of recent measures. We will also briefly examine the situation in other key export destinations. Crucially, this report will assess the tangible impacts these tariffs have on the operations of Spanish SMEs and explore practical, compliant strategies for mitigating risks and maintaining a competitive edge. In a world of shifting trade winds, knowledge and proactive planning are the most valuable tools for Spanish exporters. The Tariff Research Company is committed to providing the clarity and support needed to navigate these turbulent waters effectively.

The Shifting Sands: US Tariffs on Spanish Olives & Olive Oil

The United States market represents a significant destination for Spanish olive oil and table olives, making any trade barrier imposed by the US a major concern for Spanish exporters. The tariff situation has been particularly volatile, evolving from targeted measures linked to specific disputes to broader, more systemic levies.

Historical Context - The Airbus Dispute & Section 301

For several years, the transatlantic trade relationship was strained by the long-running World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute concerning subsidies provided to aircraft manufacturers Airbus (by the EU) and Boeing (by the US). Under Section 301 of the US Trade Act of 1974, which allows the US to respond to perceived unfair trade practices 11, the US imposed retaliatory tariffs on a range of EU goods in October 2019 following a WTO authorization.6

This list specifically targeted certain Spanish food products. Notably, a 25% additional ad valorem tariff was applied to imports of Spanish virgin olive oil packaged in containers under 18kg and certain Spanish green olives, prepared or preserved.6 These tariffs, imposed under specific Chapter 99 HTS codes like 9903.89.13 for olive oil 19, created significant disruption. Reports indicated that exports of Spanish bottled Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) to the US plummeted by as much as 80% during the period these tariffs were in effect, forcing US buyers to seek alternatives from countries like Tunisia, Turkey, and Portugal.23 Separately, but concurrently impacting the sector, the US International Trade Commission (USITC) upheld anti-dumping and countervailing duties on Spanish ripe olives in 2018, citing subsidies and sales below fair value, adding another layer of cost for those specific products.8

While the Section 301 tariffs related to the Airbus dispute were suspended in mid-2021 as part of a truce between the US and EU 9, the experience left a lasting mark. It demonstrated the acute vulnerability of the Spanish olive sector to targeted US trade actions. Even temporary or product-specific tariffs can inflict substantial damage on SME exporters, highlighting the high stakes involved in transatlantic trade policy. The dramatic drop in exports under the previous 25% tariffs serves as a stark reminder of the potential consequences should similar measures be reintroduced or new barriers erected.23 This historical sensitivity underscores why recent US tariff developments demand close attention from Spanish SMEs.

The Current Landscape: April 2025 Reciprocal Tariffs

A new chapter in US tariff policy began in early 2025 under the Trump administration, shifting focus towards addressing bilateral trade deficits and perceived non-reciprocal trade practices.24 Invoking national emergency powers under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), the administration introduced a "Fair and Reciprocal Tariff Plan".26

This plan has several key components impacting EU goods, including those from Spain:

1. 10% Baseline Tariff: Effective April 5, 2025, a universal baseline tariff of 10% ad valorem was imposed on imports from nearly all countries, including the EU and the UK.10 This tariff is applied in addition to existing Most Favored Nation (MFN) duties.
2. Higher Reciprocal Rate for EU (Paused): The initial announcement included a higher, country-specific "reciprocal" tariff rate of 20% for goods originating from the European Union, intended to take effect on April 9, 2025.4
3. 90-Day Pause: However, on April 9, 2025, the administration announced a 90-day suspension (until July 9, 2025) of the country-specific higher rates for most targeted countries, including the EU. During this pause, imports from the EU revert to the 10% baseline reciprocal tariff rate.9 This pause was intended to allow time for bilateral negotiations. China was a notable exception, facing significantly increased tariffs.28

It's important to understand how these tariffs interact with others. The reciprocal tariffs are generally additive to standard MFN duties and other levies like Section 301 tariffs where applicable.32 However, they generally do not stack on top of Section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminum or the separate 25% tariffs imposed on automobiles and certain auto parts.24 Certain product categories, such as pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, and some critical minerals, were also explicitly excluded from the reciprocal tariffs.15

This new regime represents a significant departure from the previous, more targeted Section 301 measures. While the currently effective 10% baseline rate is lower than the paused 20% EU-specific rate, its broad application means it likely covers all Spanish olive oil and table olive exports to the US, unlike the specific product lists under the Airbus dispute tariffs.16 This wider scope imposes a new, universal cost layer. Furthermore, the 90-day pause, while offering temporary respite from the higher 20% rate, injects considerable uncertainty into the market.1 The possibility of the 20% rate returning looms over exporters, making stable long-term planning and pricing strategies extremely difficult for Spanish SMEs.

HTS Codes and Applicable Rates

To understand the precise financial impact, exporters must identify the correct Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) code for their specific products. The HTS is the classification system used by the United States to determine customs duties.53 Each code corresponds to a specific MFN duty rate (found in Column 1, General Rate of Duty) and potentially other applicable duties or exemptions.

The table below provides examples of HTS codes relevant to Spanish olive oil and table olive exports, showing the standard MFN rate and the current effective rate as of mid-2025, which includes the 10% baseline reciprocal tariff. Exporters should verify the exact codes and rates for their specific products using the official US HTS database 55 or consult with a customs professional.

Table: Example US Tariffs on Key Spanish Olive Oil & Table Olive Exports (Mid-2025)

Note: Rates are indicative and subject to change. Verify using the official US HTS database. The 20% EU-specific reciprocal rate is currently paused.

This table offers Spanish SMEs a quick reference point for the current tariff burden on their primary exports to the crucial US market. It cuts through the confusion of historical versus current tariffs, providing the immediate, actionable data needed for costing and pricing decisions under the new reciprocal tariff regime. This clarity is vital for SMEs needing precise information to manage their export operations effectively.

Section 232 Considerations (Packaging)

While the primary focus is on tariffs applied directly to olive oil and olives, SMEs should also be aware of potential indirect cost impacts. The US continues to apply Section 232 tariffs (25% on steel, 25% on aluminum, effective March 12, 2025 49) on imports of these metals from most countries, including the EU. If Spanish exporters use packaging materials like steel or aluminum cans sourced from outside the US (or countries without exemptions), these tariffs could increase the cost of those packaging components, adding another layer to the overall cost structure, though this is secondary to the direct tariffs on the food products themselves.

Beyond the US: A Glimpse at Other Key Markets

While the US market presents significant tariff challenges, Spanish olive oil and table olive exporters must also monitor the trade landscape in other important destinations. Diversification remains a key strategy, but each market has its own set of rules and potential barriers.

UK Market (Post-Brexit)

Since leaving the European Union, the United Kingdom operates under its own tariff regime, the UK Global Tariff (UKGT).36 The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) generally allows for tariff-free trade between the two blocs.68 However, accessing these zero tariffs is contingent upon meeting the specific Rules of Origin (RoO) outlined in the TCA.

For Spanish SMEs, the primary challenge in trading with the UK often lies not in tariffs themselves, but in the increased complexity and administrative burden introduced by Brexit.1 Reports from organizations like the Federation of Small Businesses (FSB) consistently highlight that SMEs struggle with new customs paperwork, understanding and proving origin, navigating regulatory divergence, and potential delays at the border.2 These non-tariff barriers (NTBs) 85 represent real costs in terms of time and resources, potentially eroding the benefits of tariff-free access, especially for smaller businesses with limited capacity to manage complex compliance requirements.3 Thus, while the UK remains a key market, the post-Brexit landscape requires careful navigation of procedures beyond just tariff rates.

Canada & Japan

Canada and Japan are significant global markets frequently targeted by EU Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). The EU has comprehensive agreements with both countries (CETA with Canada, EPA with Japan). These agreements aim to reduce or eliminate tariffs and streamline trade procedures.93 Spanish SMEs exporting olive oil or table olives to these markets should investigate the specific tariff concessions and RoO applicable to their products under these FTAs. Resources like the EU's Access2Markets portal or national tariff databases (e.g., Canada's Customs Tariff 101) can provide detailed information. Utilizing these FTAs effectively can offer a competitive advantage compared to exporting under standard MFN rates.

China Market Considerations

China represents a vast and growing consumer market, potentially attractive for diversification. However, the current geopolitical climate introduces significant risks. Trade tensions between the EU and China have been escalating, particularly highlighted by the recent EU investigation into subsidies for Chinese electric vehicles (EVs) and the subsequent imposition of countervailing duties.102

There is a documented pattern of China responding to such actions with retaliatory measures, often targeting sensitive agricultural or high-value exports from EU member states.105 Investigations have already been launched into EU brandy, pork, and dairy products.105 While Spanish olive oil and olives haven't been explicitly named in current retaliations, the potential exists for them to become targets in future rounds of escalation, impacting EU agri-food tariffs. This makes China a potentially volatile market where access could be suddenly restricted by new tariffs or non-tariff barriers, adding a layer of risk that SMEs must weigh carefully when considering diversification strategies.

Feeling the Pinch: How Tariffs Impact Spanish SME Exporters (SME agri export Spain)

The imposition of tariffs, particularly broad-based ones like the recent US measures, creates a cascade of negative effects that disproportionately impact SMEs operating on tighter margins and with fewer resources than larger corporations.1

Direct Cost Increases

The most immediate effect of a tariff is a direct increase in the cost of exporting goods.1 The US 10% baseline reciprocal tariff, for instance, adds 10% to the customs value of Spanish olive oil and olives upon entry into the US. SMEs face a difficult dilemma: absorb this additional cost, which directly squeezes profit margins that may already be thin 1, or pass the increase onto US importers or consumers.41 Passing on the cost risks making Spanish products less price-competitive, potentially leading to reduced demand and lost sales, especially for products where consumers are price-sensitive, as seen in industries like toys where even small price hikes can significantly impact purchasing decisions.140 One UK SME exporter to the US expressed significant concern about their ability to absorb the 10% tariff and the difficulty of communicating price increases to customers.1

Competitive Disadvantage

Spain olive oil tariffs and table olives export duties inherently place Spanish products at a competitive disadvantage in the destination market compared to domestic producers or exporters from countries facing lower or zero tariffs.4 Even if competitors from other EU countries like Italy or Greece face the same 20% (currently paused at 10%) US reciprocal tariff, Spanish exporters still compete against producers from outside the EU. Countries in North Africa (e.g., Tunisia, Morocco) or South America (e.g., Chile) may only face standard US MFN rates or benefit from specific US trade agreements or preference programs (like GSP, though currently lapsed).5 This creates a situation where Spanish products can become more expensive solely due to the additional reciprocal tariff, losing market share to competitors who are not subject to the same levy. This competitive pressure is further amplified by external factors like fluctuating raw material costs. For example, recent droughts impacting olive harvests have already put upward pressure on olive oil prices 4; tariffs add an additional, unavoidable cost layer, making it even harder for SMEs to maintain competitive pricing and protect margins.

Supply Chain and Operational Strain

Beyond direct costs, tariffs introduce significant operational friction for SME agri export Spain. Navigating the complexities of tariff codes, rules of origin, and customs documentation adds administrative burdens and costs.1 Errors in classification or documentation can lead to costly customs delays, penalties, or even seizure of goods.142 The financial consequences of such errors are magnified when high tariffs are in play, as penalties are often calculated based on the duty owed.142 Furthermore, the sheer uncertainty surrounding tariff policies – their duration, potential escalation, or negotiated outcomes – hampers strategic planning and investment decisions for SMEs, who typically lack the resources to constantly model complex geopolitical scenarios.1 This environment of unpredictability can stifle growth and innovation.

Navigating the Maze: Mitigation Strategies for Olive & Olive Oil SMEs

While the tariff landscape presents clear challenges, Spanish SMEs are not without options. Proactive planning and strategic adaptation can help mitigate risks and potentially uncover new opportunities. Key areas for consideration include logistics, product classification, and market diversification.

A. Smart Logistics & Trade Routes

Optimizing logistics can offer avenues for cost savings and risk management, though some apparent shortcuts carry significant dangers.

• Customs Warehousing & Freeports: Utilizing customs special procedures like customs warehousing (available in the EU and UK, including Freeports 71) allows imported goods (or goods destined for export) to be stored under customs control without immediate payment of duties and taxes.163 For Spanish exporters facing US tariffs, this could mean storing goods in a US Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ) 65 or a bonded warehouse.163 Duties are only paid when the goods enter the US domestic market. This improves cash flow by deferring payment 163 and provides flexibility. If US market conditions worsen or a better buyer is found elsewhere, the goods could potentially be re-exported from the bonded warehouse/FTZ without ever incurring US duties.163 This strategy requires authorization and meticulous record-keeping.164
• Third-Country Routing & Anti-Circumvention Risks: A common misconception is that simply shipping goods through an intermediate country can change their origin and bypass tariffs aimed at the initial country of production. This is incorrect and highly risky. Customs authorities worldwide, including in the US and EU, determine origin based on where the goods underwent their last substantial transformation, not the country from which they were shipped.79 Minor operations like repackaging, relabelling, or simple assembly in a third country are generally considered insufficient to change origin.180 Authorities actively investigate and penalize attempts to circumvent tariffs through such schemes, known as transshipment.208 Enforcement is particularly strict regarding goods originating from countries subject to high duties, like China, with known transshipment routes through Southeast Asia or Mexico being closely monitored.208 Engaging in such practices can lead to severe penalties, including substantial fines often exceeding the value of the goods, seizure of merchandise, and potential criminal charges.142 Therefore, attempting to avoid Spain olive oil tariffs or table olives export duties by merely routing products through another country without genuine, substantial transformation is a strategy fraught with legal and financial peril for SMEs. Focus must remain on compliant methods.

B. Product Classification Deep Dive (tariff classification rules)

Correctly classifying goods using the appropriate tariff code (HS in general, HTS for US imports, TARIC for EU imports) is fundamental, as the code dictates the applicable duty rate.217 This area offers potential mitigation avenues through "tariff engineering" – legally modifying a product or its production process to qualify for a classification with a lower duty rate.154

The cornerstone of this strategy lies in understanding the rules of origin, particularly the concept of "Substantial Transformation".79 When components or materials from multiple countries are used, the product's origin is deemed to be the country where the last substantial, economically justified processing occurred, resulting in a new product or representing an important stage of manufacture.174 This typically involves a fundamental change in the product's name, character, or use.181

This is distinct from "Minimal Operations" (also called insufficient processing), which are processes considered too minor to confer origin, even if they technically meet a classification rule.180 Examples relevant to the olive sector might include simply bottling bulk olive oil, washing or sorting olives, affixing labels, or simple mixing or packaging operations.180 Performing only these operations on non-originating materials will not change the origin of the goods.

For Spanish olive oil and table olive SMEs, exploring classification shifts requires careful analysis:

• Olive Oil Processing: Could refining virgin olive oil (e.g., HTS 1509.10) into refined olive oil (potentially HTS 1509.90 or 1510.xx) in Spain, using imported crude oil, constitute substantial transformation? Does blending oils from different origins (e.g., Spanish EVOO with Tunisian EVOO) change the origin or classification under specific rules? The answer depends heavily on the precise "product-specific rules" (PSRs) within the US HTS or EU TARIC, which might involve criteria like a change in tariff heading (CTH), a value-added percentage, or specific required processing steps.79
• Table Olive Preparation: Could processing imported bulk olives (e.g., green olives) in Spain by stuffing them with pimento, anchovies, garlic, or cheese potentially meet a substantial transformation threshold? US Customs rulings have classified imported stuffed olives under specific HTS codes (e.g., 2005.70.2550 for certain green stuffed olives 58), suggesting the preparation method is key to classification. Whether this preparation confers Spanish origin if the raw olives were imported would depend on the specific PSRs for HTS 2005.70.
• Packaging: While simple bottling or labelling alone is insufficient 180, could combining innovative packaging solutions with other minor processing steps potentially help meet a value-added threshold if that's the applicable rule for a specific product? This is generally less likely to confer origin than core processing but depends entirely on the specific rule.

Successfully navigating tariff classification rules requires a deep dive into the official tariff schedules of the target market (e.g., US HTS 55, EU TARIC 217) and understanding the often technical PSRs. Classification can be complex 228, especially for products made from multiple components or where rules differ between markets. This strategy is not about finding loopholes but about ensuring that any changes made genuinely result in a product that legally qualifies for a different, potentially lower-tariff classification based on a verifiable substantial transformation.

C. Market Diversification via EU FTAs

Reducing over-reliance on a single export market, particularly one as volatile as the current US market, is a fundamental risk mitigation strategy.1 The European Union's extensive network of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) provides Spanish SMEs with opportunities to access alternative global markets with preferential terms, meaning reduced or zero import tariffs compared to standard MFN rates.93

Examples of markets where EU FTAs could benefit Spanish olive oil and table olive exporters include:

• Canada (CETA): Offers significant tariff elimination and streamlined procedures.
• Japan (EU-Japan EPA): Provides access to a large, quality-conscious market with reduced tariffs.
• South Korea (EU-South Korea FTA): Another key Asian market with preferential access.
• Vietnam (EVFTA): A growing Southeast Asian market where the EU has secured significant tariff reductions, including for agri-food products.232
• Other potential markets: Singapore, Mexico, potentially Mercosur countries (Brazil, Argentina, etc.) if that agreement is fully ratified 261, and countries covered by the UK's independent FTAs post-Brexit (like Australia, New Zealand, CPTPP members).93

However, accessing the benefits of these FTAs is not automatic. It requires strict compliance with the specific Rules of Origin (RoO) contained within each individual agreement.79 These rules define what constitutes an "originating" product eligible for preferential tariffs and can be complex, often involving specific processing requirements or limits on non-originating materials.85 Some agreements allow for "cumulation," where materials from other specified partner countries can be treated as originating (e.g., the EVFTA allows certain fabrics from South Korea to count towards Vietnamese origin for garments 281), but these provisions are highly specific.

Furthermore, exporters must provide the correct proof of origin as stipulated by the FTA, which could be a formal Certificate of Origin (like the EUR.1 form), a Statement on Origin included on the commercial invoice (often requiring registration in the EU's REX system for shipments above a certain value threshold, typically €6,000), or rely on the importer's knowledge in some cases.184 Failure to comply with RoO or provide valid proof can result in the denial of preferential tariffs, negating the benefits of the FTA. Research indicates that SMEs often underutilize FTAs precisely because of the perceived complexity of understanding and meeting these requirements.85 Therefore, while market diversification through FTAs is a powerful strategy, it demands a proactive investment from SMEs in understanding and meticulously adhering to the specific rules of each target agreement.

Gaining Clarity: How The Tariff Research Company Can Help

The complexities of international tariffs, shifting trade policies, and intricate Rules of Origin can be overwhelming for SMEs focused on producing and selling high-quality olive oil and table olives. Quickly obtaining accurate, tailored information is critical but often time-consuming and expensive.

This is where The Tariff Research Company's "Essential" Research-as-a-Service (RaaS) report provides a targeted solution. Designed specifically for the needs of SMEs, this report delivers crucial tariff intelligence within 12 hours at an accessible price point of £99.41

For Spanish olive oil and table olive exporters, the Essential report offers specific, actionable benefits:

• Precise Tariff Exposure: The report clarifies the exact MFN and any additional duties (like the current US 10% reciprocal tariff) applicable to your specific products (identified by HTS code) in key target markets, including the latest status of US tariffs on Spanish olives and oil. No more wading through complex government databases.
• Targeted Risk Assessment: It helps you understand your vulnerability to tariff volatility, such as the potential return of the paused 20% EU-specific reciprocal rate in the US, allowing for more informed risk management.
• Evaluation of Mitigation Strategies: The report provides critical support in assessing the viability of mitigation tactics. Crucially, it can help evaluate the nuances of tariff classification rules. By analysing the specific RoO for your product in the target market, the report can help determine if proposed changes in processing (e.g., refining, blending), preparation (e.g., stuffing olives), grading, or packaging would legally result in a different HTS classification with a potentially lower tariff, moving beyond speculation to compliant assessment.

Don't let tariff uncertainty hinder your export success. Gain the clarity you need to make informed decisions.

Conclusion: Charting a Course Through Tariff Uncertainty

The international trade environment in 2025 presents undeniable hurdles for Spanish SME exporters of olive oil and table olives. The imposition of broad Spain olive oil tariffs and table olives export duties, particularly the recent and unpredictable US reciprocal tariff regime, adds direct costs and competitive pressure. Navigating the complex web of EU agri-food tariffs, potential retaliatory actions in markets like China, and the procedural demands of post-Brexit UK trade further strains SME resources.

However, challenges also create opportunities for resilient and informed businesses. Proactive strategies are essential. This includes gaining precise knowledge of applicable tariffs in key markets, meticulously exploring compliant options for tariff mitigation through logistics and product classification based on a thorough understanding of tariff classification rules, and strategically diversifying export destinations by leveraging the preferential access offered by the EU's network of Free Trade Agreements. Cost management and supply chain optimisation remain crucial pillars of competitiveness.

While the path forward requires diligence and adaptability, Spanish SMEs are renowned for their quality products and entrepreneurial spirit. Armed with accurate information and a strategic approach, they can successfully navigate the complexities of global tariffs and continue to share the excellence of Spanish olive oil and table olives with the world. The Tariff Research Company stands ready to provide the targeted intelligence needed to chart that course with confidence. Consider utilizing our Essential Tariff Report for rapid, affordable, and customized insights.

Resources

For further research and verification, exporters can consult the following official resources:

• European Union:

• TARIC Database: (Integrated Tariff of the European Union) for EU import/export measures. 217 (Link: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en)
• Access2Markets Portal: For information on EU trade agreements, tariffs, taxes, procedures, and rules of origin. 203 (Link: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/access-to-markets/en/home)
• Guidance on Rules of Origin: (Preferential and Non-Preferential) via the Taxation and Customs Union website. 178 (Link: https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/customs-4/international-affairs/origin-goods_en)

• United States:

• Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) Database: Maintained by the U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC). 54 (Link: https://hts.usitc.gov/)
• Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR): For information on Section 301 investigations and tariff actions. 11 (Link: https://ustr.gov/)
• U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP): For customs rulings, regulations, and information on origin determination. 19 (Link: https://www.cbp.gov/trade)

• United Kingdom:

• UK Trade Tariff Tool: For looking up commodity codes, duties, and VAT rates for UK imports/exports. 36 (Link: https://www.gov.uk/trade-tariff)

• Spain:

• ICEX España Exportación e Inversiones: (Spanish Institute for Foreign Trade) for export support and market information. (Link: https://www.icex.es/)
• Relevant Industry Associations: Such as INTERACEITUNA (Spanish Table Olive Interprofessional Organization) or Asoliva (Spanish Association of Olive Oil Industry and Export Trade).4

• International:

• World Customs Organization (WCO): For information on the Harmonized System (HS). 200 (Link: https://www.wcoomd.org/)

Works cited

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