Toy & Hobby Tariffs: Managing US-EU Trade Complexity for Niche SME Brands

Section 1: Introduction: The US Market Beckons, But Hurdles Remain

The vast and dynamic United States market holds significant appeal for European creators of unique toys, intricate hobby kits, and innovative games. For niche Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) – independent board game designers, specialized collectible producers, bespoke craft kit makers – accessing this large consumer base can represent a major growth opportunity.1 However, the path to transatlantic success is frequently complicated by a dense network of trade regulations, customs procedures, and, significantly, import tariffs. Recent shifts in US trade policy, particularly the introduction of new tariffs in April 2025, have added further layers of uncertainty and cost for businesses seeking to export to the US.4

Navigating the complexities of toy import tariffs USA EU is a critical challenge. While standard duty rates on many toys and hobby products might appear manageable or even non-existent historically, the reality for niche EU SMEs is often more intricate. Factors beyond the base tariff rate, including fluctuating policies, complex customs declarations, and the need to comply with differing safety standards on both sides of the Atlantic, can create significant operational hurdles and financial strain.7 SMEs, often operating with limited resources and lacking dedicated international trade departments, feel these pressures acutely.12

This post serves as a guide for niche EU brands in the toy, hobby, and games sector. It aims to demystify the current US-EU tariff landscape, analyze the real-world impact on SME operations, explore the specific hurdles related to customs and product compliance, and outline practical strategies for mitigation. The goal is to provide the clarity needed to navigate these complexities and make informed decisions about engaging with the lucrative, yet challenging, US market.

Section 2: Decoding the Duties: US & EU Tariffs on Toys and Hobbies (HS Chapter 95)

Understanding the applicable tariffs begins with the Harmonized System (HS), an international standard for classifying traded goods. Products within the toy, hobby, and games sector primarily fall under HS Chapter 95: Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof.14 Correctly identifying the specific HS code for a product is the first step in determining the duties owed upon import into the US or EU.22

US Tariffs on EU Goods (HS Chapter 95)

Historically, many goods under Chapter 95 imported into the US from the EU faced zero duty under the standard Most Favored Nation (MFN) rates listed in Column 1 (General) of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS). For example, the general rate for HTS code 9503.00.00 (covering many common toys, models, and puzzles) and 9504.90.60 (covering many board games) has been 'Free'.24 This often led to the perception that tariffs were not a major concern for this sector.

However, the landscape shifted significantly in April 2025. The US administration introduced a new 10% baseline "reciprocal" tariff levied under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA).5 This baseline tariff applies to imports from nearly all countries, including the UK and EU member states, and critically, it is additive – meaning it applies on top of any existing MFN duties.4 While many toys under HS 9503 were MFN duty-free, they now face this additional 10% levy when imported from the EU.

Alongside the baseline, the US initially announced higher, country-specific reciprocal tariffs, including a 20% rate for the EU.5 However, on April 9, 2025, the administration announced a 90-day pause (effective until July 9, 2025) on the implementation of these higher country-specific rates for most trading partners, including the EU.31 During this pause period, imports from the EU revert to the 10% baseline reciprocal tariff. This pause, intended to allow for negotiations, introduces significant uncertainty for businesses planning beyond the immediate term.4

Certain product categories were explicitly excluded from these new reciprocal tariffs, such as pharmaceuticals, copper, lumber, and semiconductors.5 Notably, toys, games, and hobby products under Chapter 95 are generally not listed among these exemptions and are therefore subject to at least the 10% baseline tariff. Goods compliant with the US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) entering from Canada or Mexico are also exempt.5 There is also a provision suggesting the reciprocal tariff applies only to the non-US content if at least 20% of the article's value originates in the US, though the practical application requires careful verification.5

Furthermore, EU SMEs must remain aware of potential "hidden" tariff impacts stemming from legacy US trade actions. Tariffs imposed under Section 232 on steel and aluminum 20, or Section 301 tariffs primarily targeting goods from China 5, could increase the cost of raw materials or components sourced from these origins, even if the final toy or hobby product is assembled in the EU and exported from there. This complicates cost calculations and underscores the importance of understanding the origin of all inputs, not just the final point of shipment.37

EU/UK Tariffs on US Goods (Briefly)

For context, tariffs in the other direction – applied by the EU and UK on imports of toys and hobby products from the US – are generally low. The EU's TARIC (Integrated Tariff of the European Union) database shows that many Chapter 95 goods from the US enter duty-free or face low rates, often between 0% and 4.7%.16 Similarly, the UK's post-Brexit UK Global Tariff (UKGT) maintains low or zero tariffs on many consumer goods, including toys, although specific rates should always be checked using the official UK Trade Tariff tool.17

In response to the US actions in April 2025, the EU had prepared retaliatory tariffs on US goods but subsequently paused their implementation to allow space for negotiation, mirroring the US pause on higher country-specific rates.35

The key takeaway for EU toy and hobby SMEs is that the US tariff landscape has fundamentally changed. The introduction of the additive 10% baseline tariff represents a new, unavoidable cost layer compared to the pre-April 2025 situation, compounded by the uncertainty surrounding the paused higher rates and potential impacts from component sourcing.

Section 3: The Bottom Line Impact: How Tariffs Squeeze Niche Brands

The imposition of new US tariffs, primarily the 10% baseline reciprocal tariff, translates directly into increased costs and significant pressure for niche EU toy, hobby, and game manufacturers exporting to the US. Understanding the full scope of this hobby product trade duties impact is crucial for survival and strategic planning.

Increased Landed Costs and Production Expenses:

The most immediate effect is on the landed cost of goods. A 10% tariff applied to the customs value of a product directly increases the cost of bringing that product into the US market.4 For example, a unique board game produced in the EU with a manufacturing cost (customs value) of €20 would face an additional €2 tariff upon US import, before considering shipping, insurance, and other import fees. This burden is felt more acutely by SMEs, which often operate with tighter margins than larger corporations.4

These tariffs also exert upward pressure on production costs. Toys and hobby products frequently utilize materials like plastics, paper/cardboard, specialized inks, electronic components (for interactive games or models), and sometimes metal parts.76 If any of these components are sourced from regions subject to separate US tariffs (like China under Section 301 or steel/aluminum under Section 232), the raw material costs for the EU manufacturer increase even before the final product faces the 10% baseline tariff upon US entry.4 This creates a compounding cost effect throughout the supply chain.

Pricing Predicaments and Profit Margin Pressure:

Faced with rising costs, niche EU brands confront difficult pricing decisions. Can they absorb the additional tariff costs, thereby sacrificing already slim profit margins, or must they increase their US prices?.37 Passing the full cost onto consumers carries significant risk. Hobby products and niche toys are often discretionary purchases; demand can be highly sensitive to price increases (high price elasticity).76 A 10-15% price hike on a collectible figure or a complex craft kit could deter US consumers, leading to a drop in sales volume that outweighs the benefit of the higher price.76 This is a particular concern voiced by industry groups like The Toy Association.84

Absorbing the cost directly impacts profitability. For SMEs, a 10% hit on the value of goods can easily wipe out a significant portion, if not all, of their profit margin on US sales.4 This financial squeeze can stifle investment in new product development, marketing, or expansion efforts.4

The Challenge of Seasonal Toy Imports:

The toy and hobby sector is notoriously seasonal, with a significant portion of sales often concentrated around the Q4 holiday period.85 Tariffs exacerbate the inherent challenges of seasonal toy imports. SMEs typically need to manufacture and ship large volumes of inventory months in advance (e.g., production in spring/summer for Christmas sales).85 The imposition of tariffs means substantial duty payments become due upfront on these large seasonal shipments, straining cash flow precisely when capital is tied up in inventory.89 Furthermore, any customs delays caused by tariff-related issues (incorrect paperwork, valuation disputes) can be catastrophic during peak season, potentially causing stock to arrive too late and miss the crucial holiday sales window.85 The uncertainty surrounding the paused higher tariffs adds another layer of risk to this seasonal planning.4

In essence, tariffs act as a significant financial and operational burden, disproportionately affecting niche SMEs due to their tighter margins, potential price sensitivity of their products, and the added complexities during critical sales periods like seasonal toy imports.

Section 4: Beyond Tariffs: Navigating Customs, Safety, and Labeling Hurdles

While tariffs present a direct financial challenge, EU SMEs exporting toys and hobbies to the US must also contend with a complex landscape of non-tariff barriers. Successfully navigating customs procedures and meeting dual product safety and labeling requirements is essential to avoid costly delays, penalties, or even market exclusion.

Customs Declarations & HS Classification:

Accurate customs declarations are paramount. The correct Harmonized System (HS) code must be declared for every imported product, as this determines the duty rate and identifies applicable regulations.21 Errors in classification can lead to incorrect duty payments (either over or underpayment), customs delays, inspections, and potentially significant penalties.90 UK HMRC guidance, for instance, notes maximum penalties up to £2,500 per contravention for significant irregularities.94

This classification process can be particularly challenging for SME board game exporters and producers of hobby kits or complex toys.21 A typical board game might contain printed boards, cards, plastic miniatures, wooden tokens, dice, and metal coins. Should it be classified under a single HS code for "games played on boards" (e.g., HTSUS 9504.90.60, often MFN duty-free)? Or do the components need separate consideration, potentially attracting different duty rates?.29 Similarly, craft kits containing textiles, plastics, paints, and tools present classification ambiguities. Bundled products or 'sets' require careful interpretation of customs rules (like General Interpretative Rule 3(b)) to determine the 'essential character' for classification purposes.24 An error here could lead not only to tariff miscalculations but also trigger incorrect safety testing requirements, as standards often vary by product type and material.96 A mistake in HS classification could therefore cascade into a major compliance failure, resulting in goods being held or rejected at the border.95 Resources like official tariff lookup tools (US HTS, EU TARIC, UKGT) 26, customs broker expertise 98, and potentially Advance Tariff Rulings 65 can help mitigate these risks.

Product Safety & Labeling – The Dual Compliance Maze:

Perhaps one of the most significant non-tariff hurdles is the need to comply with two distinct and rigorous product safety regimes:

1. United States: The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) governs children's product safety.99 For toys intended primarily for children 12 years old and under, CPSIA mandates:

• Compliance with ASTM F963: This comprehensive standard covers mechanical/physical hazards (small parts, sharp edges, projectiles), flammability, and chemical restrictions.96 The standard is periodically updated, with ASTM F963-23 becoming mandatory in April 2024.100
• Third-Party Testing: Testing for compliance with applicable sections of ASTM F963 (and other rules like lead/phthalate limits) must be performed by a CPSC-accepted laboratory.96
• Children's Product Certificate (CPC): The importer (or US manufacturer) must issue a CPC certifying compliance based on the third-party test results.96
• Tracking Labels: Permanent labels identifying the manufacturer/importer, production date/location, and batch information must be affixed to the product and packaging where practicable.30
• Substance Restrictions: Strict limits on lead (in paint and substrate) and specific phthalates are enforced.99

2. European Union: The Toy Safety Directive (TSD) 2009/48/EC sets the essential safety requirements for toys placed on the EU market.105 Key obligations for manufacturers include:

• Compliance with EN 71 Standards: Harmonised standards (like EN 71-1 for mechanical properties, EN 71-2 for flammability, EN 71-3 for chemical migration) provide presumption of conformity with the TSD.101
• Safety Assessment: Manufacturers must conduct a thorough safety assessment covering chemical, physical, mechanical, electrical, flammability, hygiene, and radioactivity hazards.106
• Conformity Assessment: This can be self-verification (Module A, internal production control) if harmonised standards are fully applied, or require third-party EC-type examination by a Notified Body (listed in the NANDO database) in certain cases.106
• Technical Documentation: Comprehensive documentation detailing design, manufacturing, safety assessment, and conformity procedures must be maintained.105
• EC Declaration of Conformity (DoC): A formal declaration by the manufacturer assuming responsibility for compliance.105
• CE Marking: The visible mark indicating conformity, affixed to the toy, label, or packaging.105
• Warnings and Traceability: Appropriate warnings (in the language of the market) and manufacturer/importer details plus traceability information (e.g., batch number) are required.106

The SME Challenge: Managing compliance with both the US and EU systems simultaneously represents a significant administrative and financial burden for SMEs.7 Testing protocols may differ, documentation requirements are distinct (CPC vs. DoC, Technical File), labeling mandates vary (Tracking Label vs. CE Mark), and chemical restrictions, while overlapping in areas like heavy metals, have different specific limits and scopes (e.g., EU's broader approach to CMRs, endocrine disruptors, allergens).108 This dual compliance necessity acts as a substantial non-tariff barrier, requiring expertise and resources that SMEs often lack.110 It creates a competitive disadvantage compared to domestic US firms needing only CPSIA compliance, or larger EU firms with dedicated compliance teams. This barrier can be a more significant deterrent to US market entry than moderate tariffs alone.

Table 1: Key Differences: US vs. EU Toy Safety & Labeling Requirements

The cumulative administrative load – tracking tariff changes, managing complex customs declarations, ensuring dual safety compliance, adhering to different labeling rules – demands significant time, expertise, and financial investment from niche EU toy and hobby brands.7

Section 5: Strategic Moves: Practical Mitigation for EU Toy & Hobby SMEs

Despite the significant challenges posed by tariffs, customs complexities, and dual compliance regimes, proactive EU SMEs in the toy and hobby sector can implement various strategies to mitigate risks and costs associated with exporting to the US. A portfolio approach, combining several tactics tailored to the specific business and product, is often most effective.

Market Diversification via Free Trade Agreements (FTAs):

One core strategy is to reduce reliance on the US market by exploring opportunities in other countries where the EU or UK has favorable FTAs.80 These agreements often eliminate or significantly reduce tariffs and can simplify customs procedures and address non-tariff barriers.2 Potential markets include Canada (CETA), Japan (EU-Japan EPA), Australia and New Zealand (UK FTAs, CPTPP), and other CPTPP members (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) like Vietnam or Malaysia.2 For niche SMEs, focusing diversification efforts on these FTA partners can be more practical than entering markets with entirely different regulatory landscapes, leveraging existing trade policy frameworks.2 Resources like the UK's Department for Business and Trade (DBT) via great.gov.uk offer support in identifying and exploring these markets.114

Supply Chain Agility & Origin Management:

Careful management of the supply chain can influence the final cost and tariff liability.

• Strategic Sourcing: Evaluate sourcing raw materials and components from countries that have FTAs with the US or EU, or which are not subject to punitive US tariffs (like Section 301 or 232).37 This requires understanding Rules of Origin (RoO), which determine the 'economic nationality' of a product based on where it underwent "sufficient transformation," not just where it was shipped from.37 Modifying assembly processes or component sourcing might, in some cases, alter the product's origin status for tariff purposes.
• Supplier Diversification: While challenging for specialized manufacturing common in the toy/hobby sector 81, exploring alternative suppliers in different regions can build resilience against geographically targeted tariffs or disruptions.22
• Customs Procedures: Advanced strategies like using Foreign Trade Zones (FTZs) in the US or Customs Warehousing in the EU/UK allow for duty deferral or potential reduction.98 Goods can be stored, manipulated, or manufactured within these zones before formal customs entry, potentially altering classification or delaying duty payment. However, the complexity and administrative overhead may be prohibitive for some SMEs.123

Pricing, Product & Channel Strategy:

Commercial strategies can also be adapted:

• Pricing Adjustments: Conduct careful analysis to determine the optimal pricing strategy – absorb some cost, pass it all on, or use a hybrid approach. Consider tiered pricing or selective increases on less price-sensitive items.37
• Product Mix & Design: Consider bundling higher-margin items with those heavily impacted by tariffs. Simplifying product design or using alternative materials (if compliant with safety standards) might reduce the customs value or shift HS classification.82 Introducing premium products with no direct price comparison can offer more flexibility.82
• Channel Focus: Prioritize sales through higher-margin channels, such as direct-to-consumer (DTC) e-commerce, where there might be more room to adjust pricing compared to traditional wholesale/retail distribution involving multiple markups.82

Compliance Excellence & Risk Management:

Robust compliance is not just about avoiding penalties; it's a strategic advantage.

• Invest in Knowledge: Proactively understand HS classification rules for your specific products and stay updated on both US (CPSIA/ASTM) and EU (TSD/EN 71) safety standards.21
• Utilize Expertise: Engage experienced customs brokers or freight forwarders who understand the nuances of the toy/hobby sector and US/EU regulations.98
• Documentation: Maintain meticulous records for customs (invoices, packing lists, origin certificates) and safety compliance (test reports, CPCs, DoCs, technical files).102
• Contractual Clarity (Incoterms): Use Incoterms® 2020 rules strategically in sales contracts to clearly define responsibility for transport, insurance, customs clearance, and crucially, the payment of duties and tariffs between the buyer and seller.22 Terms like DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) place the tariff burden on the seller (EU SME), while EXW (Ex Works) places it on the buyer (US importer). Choosing the right term can directly mitigate tariff cost exposure.130

Leverage Support Networks:

SMEs should utilize available resources. Trade associations like the Federation of Small Businesses (FSB), the Institute of Export & International Trade (IOE&IT) in the UK, Toy Industries of Europe (TIE), and The Toy Association (US) offer guidance, advocacy, and networking opportunities.7 Government agencies like the UK's DBT provide export support services and information on trade agreements.114

Table 2: Tariff Mitigation Strategies for Niche Toy/Hobby SMEs: Pros & Cons

Ultimately, navigating the current trade environment requires a combination of these strategies. There is no single solution; instead, SMEs must build a tailored approach based on their specific products, cost structures, target customers, and tolerance for risk.

Section 6: Gain Clarity & Confidence: Your Toolkit for Tariff & Compliance Insight

The preceding sections highlight the significant hurdles – fluctuating tariffs, complex customs rules, demanding dual safety standards – that niche EU toy and hobby SMEs face when exporting to the US. Gathering accurate, specific, and timely information to navigate this landscape can feel overwhelming, consuming valuable time and resources that could be better spent on product innovation and business growth.8 The cost of uncertainty, and the time spent deciphering fragmented information from multiple government and industry sources, can be as detrimental as the tariffs themselves.4

This is where The Tariff Research Company provides crucial support. Our mission is to cut through the complexity and deliver clear, actionable trade intelligence. For niche brands in the toy, hobby, and games sector grappling with US export challenges, our "Essential" Research as a Service (RaaS) report offers a targeted, fast, and affordable solution.

Priced at just £99 and delivered within 12 hours, the Essential report is specifically designed to address the core pain points identified in this post:

• Understanding Precise Tariff Exposure: The report goes beyond generic baseline rates to determine the specific US tariffs applicable to your products based on their detailed HS codes. This provides a clear picture of the games tariff impact or the duties on specific hobby kits or collectibles, enabling accurate cost calculation.
• Identifying Customs Pitfalls: We analyze your product descriptions and potential HS classifications, highlighting areas of ambiguity or risk, particularly for complex or bundled goods commonly found in the hobby and games sector (a key concern for SME board game exporters). This helps prevent costly classification errors and associated penalties or delays.91
• Clarifying Origin Requirements: The report helps you understand the Rules of Origin implications for your specific supply chain, identifying potential risks or opportunities related to component sourcing and manufacturing processes.37
• Informing Strategic Decisions: Armed with precise tariff data and identified compliance risks, you can make better-informed decisions about US market pricing strategies, assess the viability of market entry, and prioritize the most effective mitigation strategies discussed earlier (Section 5).

The Tariff Research Company acts as your external intelligence team, providing the specific data points and clarity needed without the extensive internal research effort. We empower you to move forward with confidence, knowing your tariff and customs exposure.

Don't let trade complexity hold your unique brand back. Gain the clarity you need to succeed in the US market.

(link_to_essential_report_page)

Section 7: Conclusion: Playing to Win in the US Market

The allure of the American market for innovative European toy, hobby, and game creators remains strong. However, the path is undeniably more complex than ever before. The recent imposition of baseline US tariffs, coupled with the persistent challenges of intricate customs procedures and the demanding requirements of dual US and EU safety regulations, presents a formidable set of hurdles, especially for niche SMEs.4

Successfully navigating toy import tariffs USA EU and the broader regulatory environment is no longer just an operational detail; it is a strategic imperative. Proactive planning, accurate information, and a willingness to adapt are crucial.4 As this analysis has shown, success in the current climate hinges significantly on operational resilience and the ability to manage trade friction efficiently. It requires a shift in focus towards robust preparation and diligent information gathering, alongside creating compelling products.2

Yet, these challenges are not insurmountable. By understanding the specific tariff implications, mastering customs classification, ensuring rigorous safety compliance, and implementing a tailored mix of mitigation strategies – from market diversification via FTAs to strategic sourcing and pricing – niche EU brands can effectively manage the complexities.80

With the right approach and targeted insights, such as those provided by The Tariff Research Company's services, SMEs can reduce uncertainty and free up resources. This allows them to concentrate on their core strengths: designing, producing, and marketing the unique and engaging toys, games, and hobbies that capture the imagination of consumers across the Atlantic. Playing to win in the US market requires understanding the rules of the game – equipping your business with that knowledge is the first step towards transatlantic success.

Section 8: Further Resources

Internal Links:

• The Tariff Research Company: https://www.tariffresearch.com/

External Links:

• US Tariffs/Customs:

• US International Trade Commission (USITC) HTS Search Tool: https://hts.usitc.gov/ 26
• US Customs and Border Protection (CBP): https://www.cbp.gov/ 41
• White House (Executive Orders - search may be required): https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/ 5
• Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR): https://ustr.gov/ 42

• EU/UK Tariffs:

• EU TARIC Database: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en 49
• UK Trade Tariff Tool (GOV.UK): https://www.gov.uk/trade-tariff 60

• Toy Safety:

• US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) - CPSIA & Toy Safety: https://www.cpsc.gov/ 96
• ASTM International (Reading Room for F963):(https://www.astm.org/READINGLIBRARY/) 97
• EU Toy Safety Directive Information (European Commission): https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/toys_en 106
• EU Notified Bodies (NANDO Database): https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/nando/ 106

• Industry Associations:

• Toy Industries of Europe (TIE): https://www.toyindustries.eu/ 140
• The Toy Association (US): https://www.toyassociation.org/ 145

• UK SME/Trade Support:

• Department for Business and Trade (DBT) / great.gov.uk: https://www.great.gov.uk/ 119
• Federation of Small Businesses (FSB): https://www.fsb.org.uk/ 79
• Institute of Export & International Trade (IOE&IT): https://www.export.org.uk/ 134

Works cited

1. Why government must unleash a UK entrepreneurial export boom | Enterprise Nation, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.enterprisenation.com/learn-something/how-government-can-unleash-entrepreneurial-export-boom/
2. Small businesses stand to benefit from post-Brexit trade deals – but they're not yet export-ready - Social Market Foundation., accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.smf.co.uk/commentary_podcasts/small-businesses-stand-to-benefit-from-post-brexit-trade-deals-but-theyre-not-yet-export-ready/
3. SME Business Opportunities in International Trade - gigCMO, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.gigcmo.com/sme-business-opportunities-in-international-trade
4. The New Era of Trade Uncertainty: Challenges and Strategies for UK SMEs - WrightCFO, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://wrightcfo.co.uk/2025/04/09/trade-uncertainty-tariffs-uk-smes-2025/
5. President Trump Announces Significant Reciprocal Tariffs and Elimination of De Minimis Exemption - WilmerHale, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.wilmerhale.com/en/insights/client-alerts/20250403-president-trump-announces-significant-reciprocal-tariffs-and-elimination-of-de-minimis-exemption
6. Trump announces sweeping new tariffs to promote US manufacturing, risking inflation and trade wars | AP News, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/trump-tariffs-liberation-day-2a031b3c16120a5672a6ddd01da09933
7. UK small firms brace for new EU product safety rules, calling for better export support, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.fsb.org.uk/media-centre/press-release/uk-small-firms-brace-for-new-eu-product-safety-rules-calling-for-better-export-s-MCV4GGFFTBJ5DTRNPAZZC6SKEP7E
8. International trade: How small firms are responding to Brexit challenges, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.fsb.org.uk/resources/article/international-trade-how-small-firms-are-responding-to-brexit-challenges-MC6AZUUGKZF5EOZDBXZLVPFCV63M
9. International trade: How small firms are responding to Brexit challenges, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.fsb.org.uk/resources-page/international-trade-how-small-firms-are-responding-to-brexit-challenges.html
10. Small firms need next Government to reduce cost of international trade, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.fsb.org.uk/resources-page/small-firms-need-next-government-to-reduce-cost-of-international-trade.html
11. UK firms continue to struggle with EU trade post-Brexit - mic-cust.com, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.mic-cust.com/mic-blog/posts/detail/ad/uk-firms-continue-to-struggle-with-eu-trade-post-brexit/
12. FSB Policy Report | Customs Clearance by Federation of Small Businesses - Issuu, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://issuu.com/federationofsmallbusinesses/docs/fsb-customs-clearance?fr=sYWNhNDYzMDc2MDE
13. The (Potential) Impact of Brexit on UK SMEs: Regional Evidence and Public Policy Implications - Research Repository, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://repository.essex.ac.uk/24260/1/RS%20Accepted%20version.pdf
14. Importer's Guide to HTS Codes | UPS Supply Chain Solutions - United States, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.ups.com/us/en/supplychain/logistics-solutions/customs-brokerage/importers-guide-to-hts-codes
15. Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2022), accessed on April 20, 2025, https://hts.usitc.gov/reststop/file?release=2022HTSABasicRev1B&filename=Chapter%2095
16. Information about HS Code and tariffs for toys - ShipHub, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.shiphub.co/hs-code-for-toys/
17. Chapter 95 Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof - TradeAtlas, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.tradeatlas.com/files/HS_Codes/Chapter%2095.pdf
18. HS Code 95 - Tariff Classification of - Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof - Flexport, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.flexport.com/data/hs-code/95-toys-games-and-sports-requisites-parts-and-accessories-thereof/index.html
19. Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof - - UK Trade Info, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.uktradeinfo.com/commodities/95
20. Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States Revision 10 (2025), accessed on April 20, 2025, https://hts.usitc.gov/reststop/file?release=currentRelease&filename=Chapter%2095
21. Customs Tariff Classification and the Use of Assistive Technologies, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.worldcustomsjournal.org/article/116525.pdf
22. US Tariffs: Impact on UK businesses - BDO, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.bdo.co.uk/en-gb/insights/tax/vat-and-indirect-taxes/u-s-tariffs-impact-on-uk-businesses
23. What is an HTS Code? How to Understand & Use the Harmonised System - ShipBob, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.shipbob.com/blog/hts-codes/
24. HTS CHAPTER 95 TOYS, GAMES AND SPORTS EQUIPMENT; PARTS AND ACCESSORIES THEREOF - USITC, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.usitc.gov/publications/docs/tata/hts/bychapter/1000c95.pdf
25. 9503.00.00 - Harmonized Tariff Schedule - USITC, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://hts.usitc.gov/search?query=9503
26. Harmonized Tariff Schedule, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://hts.usitc.gov/
27. Harmonized Tariff Schedule - USITC, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://hts.usitc.gov/search?query=9503.00.00
28. 9504.40.00.00 - Harmonized Tariff Schedule - USITC, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://hts.usitc.gov/search?query=9504.40.00%2000
29. Board games likely to get a 10% tariff (in the US) : r/boardgames - Reddit, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/boardgames/comments/9gd9h1/board_games_likely_to_get_a_10_tariff_in_the_us/
30. Flexport Help Center Article | How to Import Board Games Into the United States, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.flexport.com/help/197-importing-board-games-united-states/
31. An Overview of the 2025 Tariffs - the American Booksellers Association, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.bookweb.org/news/overview-2025-tariffs-1631822
32. U.S. imposes 10% baseline tariffs; higher reciprocal tariffs for targeted countries, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.tradecomplianceresourcehub.com/2025/04/02/u-s-imposes-10-baseline-tariffs-higher-reciprocal-tariffs-for-targeted-countries/
33. U.S. imposes 10% baseline tariffs; higher reciprocal tariffs for targeted countries, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.tradecomplianceresourcehub.com/2025/04/03/u-s-imposes-10-baseline-tariffs-higher-reciprocal-tariffs-for-targeted-countries/
34. Trump tariff fallout begins as layoffs, price hikes and retaliation tank markets: Live updates, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/business/money-report/trumps-tariffs-rock-markets-raising-concern-of-a-global-trade-war-live-updates/3669247/?os=dio...&ref=app&noamp=mobile
35. FACT SHEET ON TARIFFS Updated: April 10, 2025 On April 9, 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump announced in a Truth Social post tha - International Fresh Produce Association, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.freshproduce.com/siteassets/files/advocacy/new-tariff-fact-sheet.pdf
36. Reciprocal Tariffs | Norton Rose Fulbright - April 2025 - Project Finance NewsWire, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.projectfinance.law/publications/2025/april/reciprocal-tariffs/
37. Tariffs are on hold. Your strategy shouldn't be - Grant Thornton UK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.grantthornton.co.uk/insights/tariffs-are-on-hold-your-strategy-shouldnt-be/
38. Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Trading Partner Retaliation and Alignment - The White House, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/04/modifying-reciprocal-tariff-rates-to-reflect-trading-partner-retaliation-and-alignment/
39. White House Releases List of Products Not Subject to Reciprocal Tariffs | SmarTrade, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.thompsonhinesmartrade.com/2025/04/white-house-releases-list-of-products-not-subject-to-reciprocal-tariffs/
40. Trump 2.0 tariff tracker | Trade Compliance Resource Hub, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.tradecomplianceresourcehub.com/2025/04/16/trump-2-0-tariff-tracker/
41. CSMS # 64724565 - UPDATED GUIDANCE – Reciprocal Tariff Exclusion for Specified Products; April 5, 2025 Effective Date - GovDelivery, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDHSCBP/bulletins/3db9e55
42. USTR Opens Reciprocal Trade Comment Period - The Toy Association, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.toyassociation.org/PressRoom2/News/2025_News/ustr-opens-reciprocal-trade-comment-period.aspx
43. Playtime Politics: Amid Calls to 'Keep Toys Tariff-Free,' The U.S.-China Trade War Could Reshape the Toy Department - The Toy Book, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://toybook.com/playtime-politics-amid-calls-to-keep-toys-tariff-free-the-u-s-china-trade-war-could-reshape-the-toy-department/
44. Immediate Feedback Needed on 145% Tariff Impact - The Toy Association, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://toyassociation.org/PressRoom2/News/2025_News/immediate-feedback-needed-on-145-percent-tariff-impact.aspx
45. Amendment to Reciprocal Tariffs and Updated Duties as Applied to Low-Value Imports from the People's Republic of China - The White House, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/04/amendment-to-recipricol-tariffs-and-updated-duties-as-applied-to-low-value-imports-from-the-peoples-republic-of-china/
46. US Multilateral Trade and Policy Developments, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.jetro.go.jp/ext_images/theme/wto-fta/news/pdf/w_c_monthly_report-202502.pdf
47. Tariff mitigation through alternative sourcing: Navigating customs country of origin compliance risks, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.tradecomplianceresourcehub.com/2025/03/25/tariff-mitigation-through-alternative-sourcing-navigating-customs-country-of-origin-compliance-risks/
48. Chapter 95 - Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories… - Taric Support, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.taricsupport.com/nomenclature/en/9500000000.html
49. EU Customs Tariff (TARIC) - European Commission - Taxation and Customs Union, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/customs-4/calculation-customs-duties/customs-tariff/eu-customs-tariff-taric_en
50. Importing toys, these are the rules - KVK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.kvk.nl/en/international/importing-toys-these-are-the-rules/
51. Importing toys from China to the EU - ExamineChina, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.examinechina.com/importing-toys-from-china-to-the-eu/
52. Importing Toys from China:The Ultimate Free Guide 2025, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://chinapurchasingagent.com/importing-toys-from-china/
53. Access2Markets Results - European Commission's trade, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://trade.ec.europa.eu/access-to-markets/en/results?product=9503004990&origin=CN&destination=DE
54. European Union Customs duty rates for 9503.00.41.00 - Stuffed - FindHS.codes, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.findhs.codes/customs-duty-rates-of-EU/9503004100
55. Tariffs to trade with the UK from 1 January 2021 - Data.gov.uk, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/3bee9a8a-e69c-400e-add5-3345a87a8e25/tariffs-to-trade-with-the-uk-from-1-january-2021
56. Import tariffs: post-transition guidance - CBI, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.cbi.org.uk/global-trade-hub/import-tariffs-post-transition-guidance/
57. Tariffs on goods imported into the UK - GOV.UK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.gov.uk/guidance/tariffs-on-goods-imported-into-the-uk
58. UK Hs Tariff Code of Chapter 95 Toys, Games & Sports - EximGuru.com, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.eximguru.com/hscodes/uk/ch-95-toys-games-and.aspx
59. [Withdrawn] Classifying toys, games and festive articles for import and export - GOV.UK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.gov.uk/guidance/classifying-toys-games-and-festive-articles-for-import-and-export
60. FOREIGN TRADE BARRIERS, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/Reports/2025NTE.pdf
61. Trade Tariff: look up commodity codes, duty and VAT rates - GOV.UK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.gov.uk/trade-tariff
62. GOV.UK Trade Tariff API, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.api.gov.uk/hmrc/gov-uk-trade-tariff-api/
63. Tariff Code lookup tool - Parcelforce Worldwide, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.parcelforce.com/tariffcode
64. Find commodity data - UK Trade Info, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.uktradeinfo.com/find-commodity-data
65. Finding commodity codes for imports into or exports out of the UK - GOV.UK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.gov.uk/guidance/finding-commodity-codes-for-imports-or-exports
66. How to Locate Commodity Codes - UK Plant Health Information Portal, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://planthealthportal.defra.gov.uk/trade/imports/imports-from-the-eu/import-it-systems/ipaffs/how-to-locate-commodity-codes/
67. UK Global Tariff (commodities) - API Catalogue, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.api.gov.uk/dit/uk-global-tariff-commodities/
68. The all new Trade Tariff tool – Government Digital Service - GDS blog, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2012/08/10/the-all-new-trade-tariff-tool/
69. How to use Harmonised System (HS) or Commodity Codes - Great.gov.uk, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.great.gov.uk/learn/categories/selling-across-borders-product-and-services-regulations-licensing-and-logistics/get-your-goods-into-the-destination-country/using-commodity-codes/
70. accessed on January 1, 1970, https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/sections
71. The economic impact of Trump's tariffs on Europe: an initial assessment - Bruegel, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.bruegel.org/analysis/economic-impact-trumps-tariffs-europe-initial-assessment
72. EU Members To Slap Tariffs On US Tobacco, Electronics, And Toys -- But Not Bourbon, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.rferl.org/a/eu-tariffs-us-tobacco-electronics-toys-bourbon-trump/33377462.html
73. Trump's trade war timeline 2.0: An up-to-date guide | PIIE, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economics/2025/trumps-trade-war-timeline-20-date-guide
74. EU-US trade talks on an agreement on industrial goods and conformity assessment | Legislative Train Schedule - European Parliament, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-international-trade-inta/file-eu-us-trade-talks
75. EU publishes list of US products subject to additional duties following WTO authorization, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://taxnews.ey.com/news/2020-2706-eu-publishes-list-of-us-products-subject-to-additional-duties-following-wto-authorization
76. How Tariffs Impact Your Toy Company: What You Need to Know, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://globaltoynews.com/2025/04/11/how-tariffs-impact-your-toy-company-what-you-need-to-know/
77. Scottish businesses say Trump tariffs 'major blow' as UK Government considers retaliation, accessed on April 20, 2025, http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/news/politics/scottish-businesses-trump-tariffs-retaliation-5065745
78. Trump's New Tariffs: What They Mean for UK Businesses & How to Stay Resilient, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.approvedbusinessfinance.co.uk/post/trump-s-new-tariffs-what-they-mean-for-uk-businesses-how-to-stay-resilient
79. US Tariff chill to put SME exporters at risk - The Federation of Small Businesses, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.fsb.org.uk/media-centre/press-release/us-tariff-chill-to-put-sme-exporters-at-risk-MCXY5WWUSVG5BIZAAEA5YNW4ZAYQ
80. Proven strategies to reduce supplier risk amid tariff disruption - Moody's, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.moodys.com/web/en/us/kyc/resources/insights/the-impact-of-tariffs-on-suppliers-strategies-for-effective-risk-reduction.html
81. Tariffs: Impact on Tabletop Publishers, Consumers, and US Manufacturing - Stonemaier Games, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://stonemaiergames.com/tariffs-impact-on-tabletop-publishers-consumers-and-us-manufacturing/
82. Mitigation strategies: How to prepare for US tariffs - Simon-Kucher, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.simon-kucher.com/en/insights/mitigation-strategies-preparing-us-tariffs
83. Companies Prepare for Tariff Impact - Licensing International, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://licensinginternational.org/news/companies-prepare-for-tariff-impact/
84. Toys expected to cost more due to new tariffs on Chinese imports - NBC10 Philadelphia, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/national-international/toys-expected-cost-more-new-us-tariffs-china/4126787/?os=rebeccakelsey.comdfblog&ref=app
85. Toy industry faces uncertain Christmas as Trump tariffs threaten prices, supply - FOX 5 DC, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.fox5dc.com/news/toy-industry-faces-uncertain-christmas-trump-tariffs-threaten-prices-supply
86. THE EUROPEAN TOY INDUSTRY:, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://law.resource.org/pub/eu/toys/guidance/the_european_toy_industry_-_facts_and_figures_-_january_2013-4.pdf
87. Tariffs Threaten to Cancel Halloween and Cripple Christmas | Supply & Demand Chain Executive, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.sdcexec.com/safety-security/regulations/news/22938962/halloween-costume-association-tariffs-threaten-to-cancel-halloween-and-cripple-christmas
88. Holiday Toy CEO Urges President Trump to Reconsider Tariffs That Threaten Christmas and American Jobs - PR Newswire, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/holiday-toy-ceo-urges-president-trump-to-reconsider-tariffs-that-threaten-christmas-and-american-jobs-302428286.html
89. 37 UK Small Business Statistics For 2025 - Airwallex, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.airwallex.com/uk/blog/small-business-statistics-uk
90. Navigating the legal implications of Trumps tariff policies a UK perspective - Gowling WLG, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://gowlingwlg.com/en/insights-resources/articles/2025/navigating-the-legal-implications-of-trumps-tariff-policies-a-uk-perspective
91. The 6 Most Common Tariff Mistakes Merchants Make - FlavorCloud, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://flavorcloud.com/the-6-most-common-tariff-mistakes-merchants-make/
92. Impact of U.S. tariffs on Trade and Customs Compliance in 2025 - Alegrant, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://alegrant.eu/impact-of-u-s-tariffs-on-global-trade-and-customs-compliance-in-2025/
93. New tariffs of the US, the EU and other countries – implications for transport and logistics, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.dlapiper.com/en-lu/insights/publications/2025/04/new-tariffs-of-the-us-the-eu-and-other-countries---implications-for-transport-and-logistics
94. Civil penalties for contraventions of customs law (Customs Notice 301) - GOV.UK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.gov.uk/guidance/civil-penalties-for-contraventions-of-customs-law-customs-notice-301
95. Imports and community transport inwards - GOV.UK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-trade-tariff-imports-and-community-transport-inwards/uk-trade-tariff-imports-and-community-transport-inwards
96. Toy Safety | CPSC.gov, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.cpsc.gov/FAQ/Toy-Safety
97. Toy Safety Business Guidance | CPSC.gov, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/Business-Education/Toy-Safety
98. Import, export and customs for businesses: detailed information - GOV.UK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/import-export-and-customs-for-businesses-detailed-information
99. The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) | CPSC.gov, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.cpsc.gov/Regulations-Laws--Standards/Statutes/The-Consumer-Product-Safety-Improvement-Act
100. Safety Standard Mandating ASTM F963 for Toys - Federal Register, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/01/18/2024-00741/safety-standard-mandating-astm-f963-for-toys
101. What Safety Standards Should Electric Toys Meet? - QIMA Blog, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://blog.qima.com/product-compliance/what-safety-standards-should-electric-toys-meet
102. CPSIA compliance is mandatory when importing and selling all toys and children's products in the United States. In this guide,, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://nbva.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CPSIA-Compliance-Document-2024.pdf
103. Children's Products | CPSC.gov, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/Business-Education/Childrens-Products
104. Toy Chemical Testing Guide: Key Regulations & Standards - QIMA Blog, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://blog.qima.com/lab-testing/toy-chemical-testing-guide
105. EU Toy Safety Directive | EN 71 Testing - Intertek, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.intertek.com/toys-childrens-products/eu-toy-directive/
106. Placing toys on the EU market - European Commission, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/toys/placing-toys-eu-market_en
107. Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC - Testing & Certification | TÜV SÜD - TUV Sud, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.tuvsud.com/en-us/services/product-certification/ce-marking/toy-safety-directive
108. Toy safety is the European Commission's priority, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/el/memo_11_448
109. An overview of the draft EU Toy Safety Regulation - Taylor Wessing, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.taylorwessing.com/en/interface/2024/products-and-packaging-update/an-overview-of-the-draft-eu-toy-safety-regulation
110. The Federation of Small Businesses (FSB) – Written evidence (FFT0030) - UK Parliament Committees, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/9234/pdf/
111. Small business exporters continue to prioritise overseas growth - SME Magazine, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.smeweb.com/small-business-exporters-continue-to-prioritise-overseas-growth/
112. Trump's New Tariffs: Impact Analysis and Mitigation Strategies - Frost Brown Todd, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://frostbrowntodd.com/trump-tariffs-impact-analysis-mitigation-strategies/
113. Ten key benefits of the UK-Australia Free Trade Agreement - GOV.UK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/61bb59938fa8f5037e8ccd87/ten-key-benefits-of-the-uk-australia-free-trade-agreement.pdf
114. Using a trade agreement - Great.gov.uk, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.great.gov.uk/campaigns/free-trade-agreements/
115. The importance of trade deals and how to take advantage of them - SME Magazine, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.smeweb.com/the-importance-of-trade-deals-and-how-to-take-advantage-of-them/
116. NZT0029 - Federation of Small Businesses (FSB), accessed on April 20, 2025, https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/41149/html/
117. UK's Membership in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) | Customs-Declarations.UK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.customs-declarations.uk/uks-membership-in-the-comprehensive-and-progressive-agreement-for-trans-pacific-partnership-cptpp/
118. KEEP TRADE EASY - The Federation of Small Businesses, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.fsb.org.uk/static/5e6ba3d1-4c37-461b-a6143b078e20e277/Keep-Trade-Easy-What-small-firms-want-from-Brexit.pdf
119. International Trade Hub - The Federation of Small Businesses, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.fsb.org.uk/resources/content-hubs/international-trade
120. Department for Business and Trade - GOV.UK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-business-and-trade
121. The Darkest Timeline - Stonemaier Games, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://stonemaiergames.com/the-darkest-timeline/
122. How Will Small Businesses in the UK Be Affected by US Trade Tariffs?, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.stylesandassociates.co.uk/post/how-will-small-businesses-in-the-uk-be-affected-by-us-trade-tariffs
123. HMRC UK Freeport business examples - GOV.UK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6763f8d94e2d5e9c0bde9b9a/HMRC_Freeports_business_examples.pdf
124. 2025 Tariffs and Their Impact on Global Trade | UPS Supply Chain Solutions - United States, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.ups.com/us/en/supplychain/resources/news-and-market-updates/2025-us-tariffs-impact-global-trade
125. US tariffs might impact UK SMEs more than you think - Love Finance, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.lovefinance.co.uk/blog/us-tariffs-uk-sme
126. Tariff-Proof Your Imports: How Bonded Warehouses Create Financial Flexibility - Rogers & Brown, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.rogers-brown.com/news/tariff-proof-your-imports-how-bonded-warehouses-create-financial-flexibility/
127. As tariff policy sows uncertainty, supply chain professionals look for mitigation strategies, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.thescxchange.com/move/tariff-mitigation-strategies
128. Advisory | The Chartered Institute of Export & International Trade, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.export.org.uk/advisory/
129. How to Use ISO 9001 to Mitigate Tariff Risks During Trade Wars, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.9001simplified.com/learn/how-to-use-iso-9001-to-mitigate-tariff-risks-during-trade-wars.php
130. How Incoterms Can Help Mitigate Tariff Impacts - Adams & Reese, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.adamsandreese.com/insights/how-incoterms-can-help-mitigate-tariff-impacts?hsLang=en
131. Other Export Information Resources - ConstructUK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://constructuk.com/directory/exporting-from-the-uk-for-uk-businesses/support/other-export-information-resources/
132. International trade support to help your small business | Sage Advice UK, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.sage.com/en-gb/blog/international-trade-support-small-business/
133. SME Resources - IET, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.theiet.org/media/5044/sme-resources.pdf
134. The Chartered Institute of Export & International Trade, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.export.org.uk/
135. Resources | The Chartered Institute of Export & International Trade, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.export.org.uk/resources/
136. Trump's Trade War: How to navigate tariffs and adapt your supply chain - Institute of Export, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.export.org.uk/insights/webinars/trump-s-trade-war-how-to-navigate-tariffs-and-adapt-your-supply-chain/
137. SME Trade Academy | ITC, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.intracen.org/resources/tools/sme-trade-academy
138. The Federation of Small Businesses, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.fsb.org.uk/
139. United Kingdom: Institute of Export & International Trade (IOE&IT) - globalEDGE, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://globaledge.msu.edu/global-resources/resource/490
140. Toy Industries of Europe, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.toyindustries.eu/
141. Resources - Toy Industries of Europe, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.toyindustries.eu/resources/
142. The Toy Association™ Continues to Advocate for the Industry Amid Rapidly Evolving Tariff Discussions, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.toyassociation.org/PressRoom2/News/2025_News/the-toy-association-continues-to-advocate-for-the-industry-amid-rapidly-evolving-tariff-discussions.aspx
143. Toy Industries of Europe | lobbyfacts, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.lobbyfacts.eu/datacard/toy-industries-of-europe?rid=016371114093-01&sid=82524
144. Toy & Play Trends - Overview - The Toy Association, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.toyassociation.org/trends
145. The Toy Association, Inc., accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.toyassociation.org/
146. Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits - The White House, accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/04/regulating-imports-with-a-reciprocal-tariff-to-rectify-trade-practices-that-contribute-to-large-and-persistent-annual-united-states-goods-trade-deficits/
147. The Toy Association, Inc., accessed on April 20, 2025, https://www.toyassociation.org/toys/home.aspx?WebsiteKey=9627b778-d394-4eb1-93ca-b0ecde8e3359